4. Detailed Root Cause Analysis

The incident revolves around reuse of a WETH9 allowance that EOA 0x7c24…e92d granted to router 0x5697…1751. First, 0x7c24…e92d calls WETH9::approve(router, amount) in tx 0x04502af…11cdc at block 20735390, as evidenced by a WETH9::Approval log with owner=0x7c24…e92d and spender=0x5697…1751. This approval remains active at block 20738428. In the seed transaction 0x3f0dc68d…13d2, EOA 0x0000da…1de sends a 0 ETH EIP-1559 transaction to router 0x5697…1751 with calldata beginning 0x213d8e67 and containing an inner payload starting with 0x23b872dd (WETH9::transferFrom) and arguments (from=0x7c24…e92d, to=0x0000da…1de, amount=5049899842444876795). The execution trace shows a call stack EOA 0x0000da…1de → router 0x5697…1751 → WETH9::transferFrom, followed by a 2300-gas CALL to the block coinbase. WETH9 balance diffs confirm that 0x7c24…e92d’s balance decreases from 5049899842444876795 to 0 and 0x0000da…1de’s balance increases from 0 to 5049899842444876795. Native balance diffs show 0x0000da…1de paying 104054227604028 wei in gas and no other value transfers. Because router 0x5697…1751 accepts this 0x213d8e67 call from an arbitrary EOA and uses the victim’s approval to perform transferFrom with from=0x7c24…e92d and to=0x0000da…1de, the router effectively exposes the victim’s allowance as a transferable asset to any caller that can construct the appropriate calldata. The absence of a check binding the effective token transfer to the approving owner’s actions is the concrete code-level condition that enables this loss.

WETH9 approval creating the exploitable allowance (owner=0x7c24…e92d, spender=router 0x5697…1751):

{
  "owner": "0x7c243e010e086caad737d47e5a40a59e8b79e92d",
  "spenders": [
    "0x56974d5af75b1ef96722052a57735187e9b91751",
    "0x0000daaee5fbc2d3fc5a5c0cb456d2c24e4f81de"
  ],
  "contract": "0xc02aaa39b223fe8d0a0e5c4f27ead9083c756cc2",
  "start_block": 0,
  "end_block": 20738428,
  "chunk_size": 10000,
  "log_count": 1,
  "errors": [],
  "logs": [
    {
      "address": "0xc02aaa39b223fe8d0a0e5c4f27ead9083c756cc2",
      "topics": [
        "0x8c5be1e5ebec7d5bd14f71427d1e84f3dd0314c0f7b2291e5b200ac8c7c3b925",
        "0x0000000000000000000000007c243e010e086caad737d47e5a40a59e8b79e92d",
        "0x00000000000000000000000056974d5af75b1ef96722052a57735187e9b91751"
      ],
      "data": "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000001431e0fae6d7217caa0000000",
      "blockNumber": "0x13c659e",
      "transactionHash": "0x04502afe5f08bf45a65a8c2f5b5cc2efac0d78e9cf6972322571c4ed7ff11cdc",
      "transactionIndex": "0xaf",
      "blockHash": "0x053008bf22eddbca40608d90eb67967efafc58a292830ef6b91331d0c1a665ae",
      "blockTimestamp": "0x66e306f3",
      "logIndex": "0x13f",
      "removed": false
    }
  ]
}

Balance diffs for the draining transaction (showing WETH transfer from victim to adversary and gas payment):

{
  "chainid": 1,
  "txhash": "0x3f0dc68dc89fce3250b9d2de2611384b8af258e83f7a711f666917c5590d13d2",
  "native_balance_deltas": [
    {
      "address": "0x4838b106fce9647bdf1e7877bf73ce8b0bad5f97",
      "before_wei": "13245928184705571405",
      "after_wei": "13245930866282917671",
      "delta_wei": "2681577346266"
    },
    {
      "address": "0x0000daaee5fbc2d3fc5a5c0cb456d2c24e4f81de",
      "before_wei": "402741180731953699",
      "after_wei": "402637126504349671",
      "delta_wei": "-104054227604028"
    }
  ],
  "erc20_balance_deltas": [
    {
      "token": "0xc02aaa39b223fe8d0a0e5c4f27ead9083c756cc2",
      "holder": "0x7c243e010e086caad737d47e5a40a59e8b79e92d",
      "before": "5049899842444876795",
      "after": "0",
      "delta": "-5049899842444876795",
      "balances_slot": "3",
      "slot_key": "0x139100847c66036e43090c19c4f8c46575c44067ba44733bafc1a25b882a9d55",
      "contract_name": "WETH9"
    },
    {
      "token": "0xc02aaa39b223fe8d0a0e5c4f27ead9083c756cc2",
      "holder": "0x0000daaee5fbc2d3fc5a5c0cb456d2c24e4f81de",
      "before": "0",
      "after": "5049899842444876795",
      "delta": "5049899842444876795",
      "balances_slot": "3",
      "slot_key": "0x4c6e6d56a6c6f488082b0a1c9c37640ca5438b93ebfe620b27d1de41a182e0d3",
      "contract_name": "WETH9"
    }
  ],
  "erc20_balance_delta_errors": [],
  "source_code": [],
  "errors": []
}

Seed transaction trace excerpt for 0x3f0dc68d…13d2 (EOA → router → WETH9::transferFrom → coinbase):

Executing previous transactions from the block.
SM Address: 0x56974d5af75b1ef96722052a57735187e9b91751, caller:0x0000daaee5fbc2d3fc5a5c0cb456d2c24e4f81de,target:0x56974d5af75b1ef96722052a57735187e9b91751 is_static:false, transfer:Transfer(0), input_size:292
depth:1, PC:0, gas:0x9b00(39680), OPCODE: "PUSH1"(96)  refund:0x0(0) Stack:[], Data size:0
depth:1, PC:2, gas:0x9afd(39677), OPCODE: "PUSH1"(96)  refund:0x0(0) Stack:[128], Data size:0
depth:1, PC:4, gas:0x9afa(39674), OPCODE: "MSTORE"(82)  refund:0x0(0) Stack:[128, 64], Data size:0
depth:1, PC:5, gas:0x9aee(39662), OPCODE: "PUSH1"(96)  refund:0x0(0) Stack:[], Data size:96
depth:1, PC:7, gas:0x9aeb(39659), OPCODE: "CALLDATASIZE"(54)  refund:0x0(0) Stack:[4], Data size:96
depth:1, PC:8, gas:0x9ae9(39657), OPCODE: "LT"(16)  refund:0x0(0) Stack:[4, 292], Data size:96
depth:1, PC:9, gas:0x9ae6(39654), OPCODE: "ISZERO"(21)  refund:0x0(0) Stack:[0], Data size:96
depth:1, PC:10, gas:0x9ae3(39651), OPCODE: "PUSH2"(97)  refund:0x0(0) Stack:[1], Data size:96
depth:1, PC:13, gas:0x9ae0(39648), OPCODE: "JUMPI"(87)  refund:0x0(0) Stack:[1, 26], Data size:96
depth:1, PC:26, gas:0x9ad6(39638), OPCODE: "JUMPDEST"(91)  refund:0x0(0) Stack:[], Data size:96
depth:1, PC:27, gas:0x9ad5(39637), OPCODE: "PUSH0"(95)  refund:0x0(0) Stack:[], Data size:96
depth:1, PC:28, gas:0x9ad3(39635), OPCODE: "CALLDATALOAD"(53)  refund:0x0(0) Stack:[0], Data size:96
depth:1, PC:29, gas:0x9ad0(39632), OPCODE: "PUSH1"(96)  refund:0x0(0) Stack:[15035084499055023236997993019856490952067701224854097471916202464817065941256], Data size:96
depth:1, PC:31, gas:0x9acd(39629), OPCODE: "SHR"(28)  refund:0x0(0) Stack:[15035084499055023236997993019856490952067701224854097471916202464817065941256, 224], Data size:96
depth:1, PC:32, gas:0x9aca(39626), OPCODE: "DUP1"(128)  refund:0x0(0) Stack:[557682279], Data size:96
depth:1, PC:33, gas:0x9ac7(39623), OPCODE: "PUSH4"(99)  refund:0x0(0) Stack:[557682279, 557682279], Data size:96
depth:1, PC:38, gas:0x9ac4(39620), OPCODE: "EQ"(20)  refund:0x0(0) Stack:[557682279, 557682279, 557682279], Data size:96
depth:1, PC:39, gas:0x9ac1(39617), OPCODE: "PUSH2"(97)  refund:0x0(0) Stack:[557682279, 1], Data size:96
depth:1, PC:42, gas:0x9abe(39614), OPCODE: "JUMPI"(87)  refund:0x0(0) Stack:[557682279, 1, 361], Data size:96
depth:1, PC:361, gas:0x9ab4(39604), OPCODE: "JUMPDEST"(91)  refund:0x0(0) Stack:[557682279], Data size:96
depth:1, PC:362, gas:0x9ab3(39603), OPCODE: "PUSH2"(97)  refund:0x0(0) Stack:[557682279], Data size:96
depth:1, PC:365, gas:0x9ab0(39600), OPCODE: "JUMP"(86)  refund:0x0(0) Stack:[557682279, 623], Data size:96
depth:1, PC:623, gas:0x9aa8(39592), OPCODE: "JUMPDEST"(91)  refund:0x0(0) Stack:[557682279], Data size:96
depth:1, PC:624, gas:0x9aa7(39591), OPCODE: "PUSH1"(96)  refund:0x0(0) Stack:[557682279], Data size:96
depth:1, PC:626, gas:0x9aa4(39588), OPCODE: "CALLDATASIZE"(54)  refund:0x0(0) Stack:[557682279, 128], Data size:96
depth:1, PC:627, gas:0x9aa2(39586), OPCODE: "PUSH1"(96)  refund:0x0(0) Stack:[557682279, 128, 292], Data size:96
depth:1, PC:629, gas:0x9a9f(39583), OPCODE: "NOT"(25)  refund:0x0(0) Stack:[557682279, 128, 292, 3], Data size:96
depth:1, PC:630, gas:0x9a9c(39580), OPCODE: "ADD"(1)  refund:0x0(0) Stack:[557682279, 128, 292, 115792089237316195423570985008687907853269984665640564039457584007913129639932], Data size:96

5. Adversary Flow Analysis

The adversary strategy is a two-step ACT opportunity on Ethereum mainnet: it observes a WETH9 Approval from victim EOA 0x7c24…e92d to router 0x5697…1751 and then, in a single attacker-crafted transaction, calls the router’s 0x213d8e67 entry point so that the router uses the victim’s allowance to execute WETH9::transferFrom(0x7c24…e92d → 0x0000da…1de, 5.049899842444876795 WETH), yielding a net WETH-equivalent profit after gas.

Adversary-related cluster:

• Adversary EOA 0x0000daaee5fbc2d3fc5a5c0cb456d2c24e4f81de on chainid 1: eth_getCode for 0x0000da…1de returns empty runtime bytecode, so it is an EOA; it originates the attacker-crafted transaction 0x3f0dc68d…13d2 that calls router 0x5697…1751, and WETH9 balance diffs show it receiving 5.049899842444876795 WETH in that transaction while paying only gas.

Victim candidates:

• Victim 0x7c243e010e086caad737d47e5a40a59e8b79e92d on chainid 1 (EOA 0x7c243e010e086caad737d47e5a40a59e8b79e92d (WETH9 holder granting router allowance))

Lifecycle stages:

• Stage: Victim grants WETH9 allowance to router
  • Effect: EOA 0x7c24…e92d calls WETH9::approve(0x5697…1751, amount) and creates a WETH9 allowance from 0x7c24…e92d to router 0x5697…1751 that is sufficient to cover 5049899842444876795 units of WETH9.
  • Tx 0x04502afe5f08bf45a65a8c2f5b5cc2efac0d78e9cf6972322571c4ed7ff11cdc on chain Ethereum (block 20735390), mechanism=approval
  • Evidence: WETH9::Approval(owner=0x7c24…e92d, spender=0x5697…1751) log in artifacts/root_cause/data_collector/iter_4/contract_event_logs/1/0xc02aaa39b223fe8d0a0e5c4f27ead9083c756cc2/weth9_approval_owner_0x7c24_spenders_router_or_eoa.json.
• Stage: Adversary drains WETH9 via router call
  • Effect: EOA 0x0000da…1de sends an EIP-1559 transaction with 0 ETH value to router 0x5697…1751 using methodId 0x213d8e67 and calldata encoding WETH9::transferFrom(0x7c24…e92d, 0x0000da…1de, 5049899842444876795). Router 0x5697…1751 calls WETH9 to execute this transferFrom, causing 5.049899842444876795 WETH to move from 0x7c24…e92d to 0x0000da…1de. The same transaction includes a 2300-gas CALL to the block coinbase and gas payment from 0x0000da…1de.
  • Tx 0x3f0dc68dc89fce3250b9d2de2611384b8af258e83f7a711f666917c5590d13d2 on chain Ethereum (block 20738428), mechanism=router_call
  • Evidence: Execution trace and balance diffs for tx 0x3f0dc68d…13d2 in artifacts/root_cause/seed/1/0x3f0dc68dc89fce3250b9d2de2611384b8af258e83f7a711f666917c5590d13d2/trace.cast.log and artifacts/root_cause/seed/1/0x3f0dc68dc89fce3250b9d2de2611384b8af258e83f7a711f666917c5590d13d2/balance_diff.json, plus tx_metadata and tx_receipt in artifacts/root_cause/data_collector/iter_1/tx/1/0x3f0dc68d…13d2/.

Router transaction history excerpt around the incident (showing repeated 0x638512e6 calls from the victim and a single 0x213d8e67 call from the adversary):

[
  {
    "blockNumber": "20735369",
    "timeStamp": "1726154219",
    "hash": "0x3bde674d1e9b5a899ed78939747c8a4d2ebd235a6e37a6bd4f150a81c8725abc",
    "nonce": "538",
    "blockHash": "0x93db8120fe9ff9105210312ac3c0adda7006daf6e77736e240d5c0482250a6f7",
    "transactionIndex": "162",
    "from": "0x9e2cd48def15a09f0ad8f9f314990cdb02e19b22",
    "to": "",
    "value": "0",
    "gas": "3018909",
    "gasPrice": "18167824170",
    "isError": "0",
    "txreceipt_status": "1",
    "input": 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    "cumulativeGasUsed": "25144981",
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    "confirmations": "3620896",
    "methodId": "0x60806040",
    "functionName": "atInversebrah(int248 a, uint48[] b, uint32 c, bytes20[] d, bytes30[] e)"
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    "blockHash": "0x053008bf22eddbca40608d90eb67967efafc58a292830ef6b91331d0c1a665ae",
    "transactionIndex": "166",
    "from": "0x9e2cd48def15a09f0ad8f9f314990cdb02e19b22",
    "to": "0x56974d5af75b1ef96722052a57735187e9b91751",
    "value": "0",
    "gas": "166706",
    "gasPrice": "20013445681",
    "isError": "0",
    "txreceipt_status": "1",
    "input": "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",
    "contractAddress": "",
    "cumulativeGasUsed": "11424041",
    "gasUsed": "164235",
    "confirmations": "3620875",
    "methodId": "0x22f2e2ed",
    "functionName": ""
  },
  {
    "blockNumber": "20735407",
    "timeStamp": "1726154687",
    "hash": "0x919b31af5c8616e1a7aba62f056fe50fc1d3473b1bb2a2059b5fc01dde3abf70",
    "nonce": "16876",
    "blockHash": "0xcdc23681322e93388d3972abe66bb4c9aff8cf774cbfef4f72edcc980ab7297e",
    "transactionIndex": "0",
    "from": "0x7c243e010e086caad737d47e5a40a59e8b79e92d",
    "to": "0x56974d5af75b1ef96722052a57735187e9b91751",
    "value": "1000000000000000",
    "gas": "900000",
    "gasPrice": "22215453190",
    "isError": "0",
    "txreceipt_status": "1",
    "input": "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",
    "contractAddress": "",
    "cumulativeGasUsed": "436954",
    "gasUsed": "436954",
    "confirmations": "3620858",
    "methodId": "0x638512e6",
    "functionName": ""
  },
  {
    "blockNumber": "20735623",
    "timeStamp": "1726157303",
    "hash": "0x8abaa64fc0f89dbf4ef3de56cd54bb9d0edbbe2fad55e6e61414f2001f4f743f",
    "nonce": "16879",
    "blockHash": "0xd0433a878a7ca5a2f696dca7ab2bf4a299ad70d379dc9303f0572b5fbe343602",
    "transactionIndex": "76",
    "from": "0x7c243e010e086caad737d47e5a40a59e8b79e92d",
    "to": "0x56974d5af75b1ef96722052a57735187e9b91751",
    "value": "100000000000000000",
    "gas": "15000000",
    "gasPrice": "11638961516",
    "isError": "1",

6. Impact & Losses

• Reference asset: ETH
• Adversary address: 0x0000daaee5fbc2d3fc5a5c0cb456d2c24e4f81de
• Victim address: 0x7c243e010e086caad737d47e5a40a59e8b79e92d
• Token drained: WETH9 at 0xc02aaa39b223fe8d0a0e5c4f27ead9083c756cc2
• Amount drained from victim: 5.049899842444876795 WETH (5049899842444876795 units)
• Gas fees paid by adversary: 0.000104054227604028 ETH
• Net profit for adversary (per transaction): 5.049795788217272767 ETH-equivalent, based solely on balance_diff.json.

7. References

• Seed / sequence tx: 0x04502afe5f08bf45a65a8c2f5b5cc2efac0d78e9cf6972322571c4ed7ff11cdc (type=victim-observed, chainid=1)
• Seed / sequence tx: 0x3f0dc68dc89fce3250b9d2de2611384b8af258e83f7a711f666917c5590d13d2 (type=adversary-crafted, chainid=1)
• Pre-state evidence file: artifacts/root_cause/data_collector/iter_4/contract_event_logs/1/0xc02aaa39b223fe8d0a0e5c4f27ead9083c756cc2/weth9_approval_owner_0x7c24_spenders_router_or_eoa.json
• Pre-state evidence file: artifacts/root_cause/data_collector/iter_1/contract/1/0x7c243e010e086caad737d47e5a40a59e8b79e92d/bytecode.json
• Pre-state evidence file: artifacts/root_cause/data_collector/iter_1/contract/1/0x0000daaee5fbc2d3fc5a5c0cb456d2c24e4f81de/bytecode.json
• Pre-state evidence file: artifacts/root_cause/data_collector/iter_1/contract/1/0x56974d5af75b1ef96722052a57735187e9b91751/bytecode_meta.json
• WETH9 token: 0xc02aaa39b223fe8d0a0e5c4f27ead9083c756cc2 on Ethereum mainnet
• Router contract: 0x56974d5af75b1ef96722052a57735187e9b91751 on Ethereum mainnet
• Seed / exploit tx: 0x3f0dc68dc89fce3250b9d2de2611384b8af258e83f7a711f666917c5590d13d2 (Ethereum mainnet, block 20738428)
• trace.cast.log, balance_diff.json, tx_metadata.json, and tx_receipt.json under artifacts/root_cause/seed and artifacts/root_cause/data_collector/iter_1.
• WETH9 Approval logs and router address history under artifacts/root_cause/data_collector/iter_4.